all beings cannot be effects; at least one being must be the cause. The principle of causality states only that “every finite (contingent, dependent) being needs a cause.” This means that the cause of all finite beings cannot itself be finite. If it were, then it too would need a cause. Therefore, the cause of all finite beings must be an infinite being.44 The cause of the universe must be perfect. One can argue that if there were no perfect standard by which we could measure things in the world,
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